Download or read book Fourth International Symposium on Negative Ions, Beams and Sources (NIBS 2014) written by Werner Kraus and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Most of the contributions were on accelerator and fusion applications. Both of these topics require that negative ions of Hydrogen or Deuterium are produced. For accelerators, the requirement on the ion source is for a beam of either short pulses or continuous operation plus the beam should be intense with a small diameter and good divergence for matching into the transport system. The development for the fusion aims at sources capable of delivering large current beams of several tens of amperes and dimensions of many hundreds of square centimeters, that are operated in near steady state (hour long pulses). In fusion, as well, the trend to replacing arc sources with RF driven sources which occurred in the past with accelerators has started. In modern negative ion sources the negative ions are, in most cases, produced by conversion of positive ions and neutrals on Caesium covered surfaces. The issues related to operation of an ion source with a Caesium coated converter are still challenges to the development community and several novel ideas on this topic were presented at the symposium."--Preface.